उत्केनदित चौड़ीकरण, सड़क चौड़ीकरण

सावधानी से परियोजना के निष्पादन से पहले अग्रिम रूप से योजना बनाई गई, अधिमानतः एक यातायात विशेषज्ञ की सलाह से।  यातायात नियंत्रण के लिए अलग-अलग योजना के लिए दो स्थितियों की आवश्यकता हो सकती है। 

 सड़क की सेंट्रल लाइन शिफ्ट की गई (Eccentric Widening)

 अतिरिक्त कैरिजवे का निर्माण करते समय, नई सड़क / राजमार्ग की सेंटर लाइन नए स्थान पर स्थानांतरित हो जाती है। 

 इसके निर्माण के दो चरण होंगे: - 

पहले चरण में नए यानपथ (Carriageway) का निर्माण किया जाएगा, जो मौजूदा एक के समीप होगा और बीच में Shoulder बेहतर विभाजित कैरिजवे( Carriageway)  सुविधा के केंद्रीय माध्य का हिस्सा बन जाएगा।  निर्माण और पर्यवेक्षण वाहनों की आवाजाही के लिए ट्रैफिक को कार्य क्षेत्र से बाहर ले जाया जाएगा। 

 चित्र -20 में दिया गया चित्र साइनेज सिस्टम का एक विशिष्ट लेआउट दर्शाता है। 

 (ए) सुधार के दूसरे चरण में, मौजूदा  यानपथ (Carriageway)को मजबूत किया जाएगा। और नवनिर्मित यानपथ पर यातायात की अनुमति दी जाएगी।  इसमें मौजूदा यानपथ से ट्रैफिक को पार करना और फिर नए यानपथ से पुराने यानपथ को शामिल करना शामिल है।

  चित्र -21 में दिया गया चित्र इस चरण के लिए संकेतों और यातायात नियंत्रण उपकरणों के लेआउट को दर्शाता है।  

(ख)  सड़क की सेंट्रल लाइन (को-सेंट्रिक वाइडिंग) में कोई शिफ्ट नहीं। 

 इस गतिविधि को ज्यादातर सड़क के निर्माण में / महामार्ग (Highway के उन हिस्सों में ले जाने की आवश्यकता होगी जहां Built Up हो सकते हैं।  उपलब्धता।  ऐसे स्थानों पर स्थानीय यातायात के अलगाव के लिए आवश्यक रूप से सड़कों का निर्माण भी किया जाएगा।  

इसके तीन विशिष्ट चरण होंगे: - 

चरण- I: सर्विस रोड या डायवर्जन रोड का निर्माण और दोनों दिशाओं में मौजूदा यानपथ पर चलते हुए यातायात।  इस चरण के लिए साइन और नियंत्रण उपायों के लिए विशिष्ट लेआउट।

 चरण- II: निर्माण गतिविधि मौजूदा यानपथ और मध्यस्थ के निर्माण को मजबूत करेगी।  

चरण- I में दोनों तरफ निर्मित सेवा / मोड़ रोड पर ही यातायात एक दिशा में आगे बढ़ेगा।  

इस चरण के लिए साइन और नियंत्रण उपायों के लिए विशिष्ट लेआउट 

(सी) सड़क / राजमार्ग के आसन्न खिंचाव में दिया गया है।  इस चरण के लिए संकेतों और यातायात नियंत्रण उपकरणों के लिए विशिष्ट लेआउट में दिया गया है। 

चरण- III: कार्यक्षेत्र को सह-केंद्रित व्यापक बनाने के लिए स्थानांतरित कर दिया जाएगा

पहाड़ी सड़कों का निर्माण (रिटेनिंग वाल्स, ब्रेस्ट वाल्स और पैरापेट्स)

पहाड़ी सड़कों का निर्माण (प्रति धारक दिवारे, ब्रेस्ट वाल्स और पैरापेट्स) 

सड़क के रास्ते और ढलान को पर्याप्त गति प्रदान करने के लिए पहाड़ी सड़क (HILL Roads) के निर्देशन में बनाए रखने वाली दीवारें सबसे महत्वपूर्ण संरचना हैं।

 प्रति धारक दिवारो  का निर्माण साधारण रूप में सड़क के रास्ते की घाटी(Valley) की तरफ और कटे हुए पहाड़ी की तरफ(Hilly Side) किया जाता है।  सड़क की ओर भूस्खलन (Landslide) को रोका जा सके। 

चित्र-०१  प्रति धारक दिवार  

शीर्ष पर दीवार की मोटाई सामान्य रूप में 60 सेमी रखी जाती है। और नीचे इसे अंगूठे के नियम(Thumb Rules) के अनुसार रखा जा सकता है।

(अ ) 6 मीटर से कम ऊंचाई वाली दीवारों के लिए, 

 प्रति धारक दिवार की मोटाई 

(Bottom Surface) =0.4 x उंचाई होती है।

(ब) 6 मीटर से अधिक की ऊंचाई  दीवारों के लिए, 

प्रति धारक दिवार की मोटाई(Bottom Surface) =0.4 x उंचाई + 30 सेेेेंमी होती है।

 12 में 1 का बैटर( Batter)बाहर की तरफ की दीवार को दिया जा सकता है, धरती को भूस्खलन

( Landslide)से बचाने के लिए ब्रेस्ट की दीवारों को सड़क के पहाड़ी किनारे (Hilly Side) पर बनाया गया है। दीवार को 60 सेंटीमीटर मोटा रखा जा सकता है।

चित्र-(०२) Breast Wall

और इसे जमीन(Ground) की प्राकृतिक ढलान

( Natural Slope) के साथ ढलान (Slope) दिया जा सकता है, इसे संरक्षित करना होगा। 

साधारण रूप में वाहनों को सड़क मार्ग तक सही तरीके से पहुंचाने के लिए सड़क की घाटी की तरफ(Valley Side) पैरापेट दीवारों(Parapet Wall) की आवश्यकता होती है। 

चित्र-०३ Breast Wall

(During Construction)

दीवार की मोटाई पूरे और 60 सेमी तक समान है। ऊंचाई सामान्य रूप में ( बरम स्तर से 75 सेमी ऊपर रखी जाती है।) के रूप में रखा जा सकता है

Construction of Hill Roads

Construction of Hill Roads (Retaining Walls, Breast Walls and Parapets)

The retaining walls are the most important structure in a hill road construction to provide adequate stability to the road way , and to the slope.

Fig-01)Retaining walls

 The Retaining walls are usually constructed on the valley side of the road way and also on the cut hill side to prevent land slide towards the roadway. 

The thickness of the wall at the top is usually kept as 60 cm and at the bottom it may be kept according to the following thumb rule 

: For walls in height < 6 m, 

the retaining wall at the bottom (thickness) = 0.4 X height. 

For walls in height > 6 m ,

 the retaining wall at the bottom (thickness) = 0.4 x height +30 cm. 

A batter of 1 on 12 may be given to the wall on the outside, The breast walls are constructed on the hill side of the roadway to retain the earth from slippage.

Fig-02) Breast wall (During Construction)

 The wall may be kept 60 cm thick throughout and sloped along the natural slope of the earth, it has to protect.

Fig-03) Breast Wall 

 The parapet walls are usually required on the valley side of the roadway to guide the vehicles properly to the roadway.

Fig-04) Hill Road

 The thickness of the wall is uniform throughout and 60 cm. 

The height is usually kept as 75 cm above the berm level. May be kept as 75 cm above the berm level.    

Fig-05) Hill Road

Works on footpaths alternative way for pedestrians

Works on footpaths alternative way for pedestrians

 an alternative safe route for pedestrians must be provided, if it is necessary closed footway or part of foot way.

 Temporary pedestrian way should never be less than 1 meters wide and whenever possible, they should be 1.5meters or more in width. 

Pedestrian Safety 

it should be ensured there is no danger to pedestrians from falling object or sharp edges, and they will not fall over or bump into anything. Scaffolding can be marked with white bands at eye level and allow at least 2.10 meters headroom. 

Kerb ramps or raised footways should be provided to help blind, poorly sighted, elderly and disabled people , and for those with prams or wheel chairs. 

Pedestrian Barriers

 it should be used to mark out any temporary foot way barrier must always be used to protect pedestrian from traffic, excavations, plan or materials. Place road danger lamps at the end of the barriers at night. Potable pedestrian barriers which may include mesh, should be reasonably riding. 

(a) A hand rail fixed at between 1 meters and 1.2 meters above ground level, which should be reasonably smooth and rigid for pedestrians at hold to obtain guidance and some measure of support. 

(b) A visibility panel at least 150 mm deep which may be integral with handrail or separator must be fixed s that its upper edge is minimum of 0.90 meters above ground level. 

(c) Visibility panels of yellow, white , or orange colors are best for detection by partially slighted people, while the red and white rail give a good contrast and provides inter changeability with traffic barriers 

Deep Excavations

 if excavations are deeper than 1.20 meters , stronger barriers will be required.  

Precautionary measures/safety measures for specific activity

 Precautionary measures/safety measures for specific activity 

the general precautionary measures have been specified , it is considering imperative to highlight the precautionary measure in different activities.

 (a) Formation cutting works

 (i) during formation cutting, separate sentries are to be positioned during blasting with red flag to stop and regulate traffic during blasting.

 (ii) when dower is working above the road level, sentries to be positioned to stop and regulate traffic keeping watch on the movement of dower 

(iii) sentry to be positioned to watch falling boulders , and earth from top and to warm the passer. (iv)Development of female laborers be avoided in formation cutting Works.

(b) Surfacing works 

(i) Haphazard stacking of stone boulder on the road may cause injury to passer-by due to such boulders getting deflected out by the tires of moving vehicles. 

(ii) Goggles and rubber flap to be invariably issued to laborers engaged in stone/ metal / stone breaking work. (iii) Hand gloves and gumboots should be issued to laborers engaged in resurfacing work. 

(iv) First aid box to be placed in position in all work sites. 

(v) No person should be allowed to travel on the body of water truck 

(vi) special training should be given to the laborers engaged in manual wetting static road roller wheels to prevent accident. 

 (C) Permanent Works

out) While carrying out excavation work, sufficient care to be taken avoid side collapse which may cause injury to laborers working inside. 

(ii) At excavation site, guard stones for guiding moving vehicles to be placed. (iii) Laborers working in the excavation pit should use helmet.

 (iv) Whenever excavation pit is adjoining to river/ nallah, proper watch man to be kept to give warning in case of flash flood during monsoons. 

(D) Snow clearance operations

 

(i) Proper winter clothing for the working group to be ensured. 

(ii) All vehicles plying in the area should use anti snow skid chain. 

(iii) Additional lighting arrangement to be provided for late work. 

(E) Road side Quarrying

 (i) Stone quarry should not be operated just above or below the main highway as far as possible. 

(ii) First aid box to be placed in position in all work sites. 

(iii) Warning sign boards to be placed at appropriate locations near quarry site.

 (iv) Laborers working in quarry to be used helmet. 

(F) River bed quarrying 

(i) Quarrying not to be allowed within a distance of 100 meters from any cross drainage structures (culvert, bridges , etc) since it may cause changes in the flow pattern stream. 

(ii) Quarrying within 50 m of any river training works be avoided.

 (iii) Laborer Camp  

What is different types of Traffic Control Devices?

Traffic Control Devices

these are the equipment and installations over and on the road which individually and collectively perform the following tasks.

(i) Warn the road user

(ii) Inform the road user

(iii) Guide the road user

(iv) Modify road user behaviour

(v) Protect the road user and the vehicle

(vi) Ensure safe passage to the road user

(vii) Provide a safe working area.

the primary traffic control devices used in working zones are signs, delineators,  pylons, pavement marking, barricades, cones and flashing lights.

The  following general rules should apply to all these devices.

(A) Comprehension:

it should be capable of being easily understood, must convey one and only one meaning, good and clean condition of the device aids comprehension.

(B) Visibility and stability :

it should be clearly visible both day and night properly aligned and legible at all times. these should not act as a rigid  obstacles in the event of a collision.

(C) Maintenance:

 It should be serviced and maintenance correctly.

Spare devices must be available during the entire period of construction.

(a) Clear visibility 

(b) Signs should be so placed that driver should have time for responses (c) it should be placed on left hand side of the road. Where special emphasis is required, duplicate signs should be installed at right side of roadway also. 

In hill roads, these are generally placed on the valley side of road unless road conditions warrant these to be placed on the hill side; and 

(d) The signs should be covered or removed when they are not required.  

Positioning of signs 

the outermost edge of sign adjoining  to shall not be less than 600 mm apart from the edge of the kerb on kerbed roads. 

On unkerbed roads, the extreme edge of the sign adjacent to the road shall be at a distance of two to three metre away from the edge of the carriageway depending on local situation but in no case, shall any part of sign come in the way of traffic.

Regulatory Sign

It imposes legal restrictions on all traffic.

It is essential that they are used only after consulting local police and traffic authorities. 

The most probably type of regulatory signs to be used in traffic control zones are Stop, Give Way, Do Not Enter, One Way, Straight Prohibited, Vehicles Prohibited in Both Directions, Left Turn Prohibited, Right Turn Prohibited, 'U' Turn Prohibited, Overtaking Prohibited, No Parking, No Stopping and No Standing, Keep Left, Compulsory Left Turn, Compulsory Right Turn, Compulsory Straight or Left Turn, Priority to vehicles in other direction, Priority to vehicles in this direction, Weight Limit, Axle Limit, Height Limit, Length Limit, Restriction Ends, Speed Limit Various other signs that are needed to regulate traffic may be required, which have not been standardized. 

They should conform to the general requirements of shape and colour and 

Warning Signs  

These are utilized in the traffic control zone to warn the drivers of specific hazards that may be encountered. Drivers should be alerted to potential hazards in sufficient time to adjust their movement and speed.

 The most common type of warning signs for the use in the traffic control zone are : Men At Work, Road Narrows (Single File Traffic), Right Lane Diverted, Left Lane Diverted, Right Lane Closed, Left Lane Closed, Median Closed, Diversion to other Carriageway, Traffic Signal Ahead Two Way Traffic, Rough Road, Slippery Road, Loose Chippings, Divided Road and Divided Road Ends.

What is temporary Diversions in Highway Construction?

Temporary Diversions
 Where the construction zone would near the road entirely, the remaining carriageway stretch would be inadequate for the traffic and create large retard and there is no appropriate  a replacement route, it will be mandatory to build a short-term carriageway for entirely or segment of the traffic. 

This is most common situation in the cases of any major repair or reconstruction of cross drainage works and failure due to, for example, floods. The temporary carriageway must satisfy the of pavement following requirements:-

fig.(i) Layout of signs and control devices for road closed with a diversion.

(i) It should have smooth horizontal and vertical profile with smooth vertical and horizontal curves.

  (ii) It should not get over-topped by flood or drainage discharges under any condition,

 (iii) It should have adequate capacity to cater to the expected traffic, 

(iv) It should be dust free and should ensure clear visibility at all times of day and night; and 

(v) Barricading should be provided to prevent construction material falling on the diversion.

(vi) Layout for sign and traffic control devices for temporary diversion.