Bitumen & Types of Bitumen

Bitumen

  Bitumen is the product obtained by fractional distillation of crude petroleum as an end product. 

• Bitumen becomes soft at moderate temperatures. It can be modified by heating until it becomes a liquid and then passing air under pressure by which all the volatile compounds in it can be driven out.

 The product is called "blown bitumen" (R grade).

Bitumen is available in the following forms:-

 (1)• Straight Run Bitumen

 It refers to bitumen distilled to a definite viscosity of penetration which does not require further treatment like heating.

 (2)• Penetration Grade

 It is the basic form of bitumen and has to be heated before application.

 (3)• Cutback Bitumen 

It is the bitumen combined with other petroleum distillates.

 This may be regarded as means of. applying penetration-grade bitumen at lower temperatures.

(5) • Bitumen Emulsion 

It is a product in liquid form formed in aqueous medium and stabilizing agents.

 This is also another means to obtain bitumen into a liquid form so that it can easily be applied at ambient temperature. 

(6)• Plastic Bitumen 

It consists of bitumen thinner and suitable filler made into a plastic form. As it is plastic, it can be used for filling cracks is masonry, stopping leakages, etc. 

(7)• Residual Bitumen 

It is a solid substance at normal temperature and is obtained as a residue during distillation of high-resin petroleum.

What is Composition of Brick Earth?

Composition of Brick Earth 

the main constituents of Earth for brick making are

 Silica or Sand

 A good brick earth contains about 50% to 60% of silica. 

Alumina or Clay 

A good brick earth contains about 20% to 30% of alumina.  

Lime 

A good brick earth contains up to 5% of lime. 

Magnesia 

A good brick earth contains up to 3% of magnesia. It is used for decreasing the shrinkage of bricks.

 Oxide of Iron 

A good brick earth contains up to 6% of iron oxide. It helps lime to fuse is silica and gives red colour to the bricks.

 it may be noted that 

(a) The excess of alumina in the clay (brick earth) makes the brick crack and warp during drying process. 

(b) The excess of silica in the clay makes the brick brittle and weak after burning. 

(c) The excess of lime in the clay causes the bricks to melt and distort during burning. 

(d) The alkaline salt present in the bricks, absorb moisture from air which on drying leaves powder deposit on the brick

 (e) This effect is known as efflorescence. It is also caused if the clay used for making bricks contain pyrite and the water used for pugging the clay contain gypsum. 

Manufacturing of Bricks  

 Preparation of Clay 

(I) After removal of vegetation, the clay deposit is excavated in steps rather than in layers to ensure a better distribution of the several constituents which vary in different proportions at different depths.Further processing of the clay depends on the type of bricks to be made.

 (ii)  For ordinary country bricks, very little preparation. except mixing by treading is resorted to. 

(iii)  For making first class facing bricks, the clay is allowed to weather by keeping it exposed to open air for a considerable period, so that the lumps of clay break down into smaller particles and get matured.

 (iv)  As a further refinement for making very superior bricks, the clay is washed and processed before moulding into bricks.

(v)  For making clay tiles also we use the clay that has been processed.

what is Bricks & What is Classification of Bricks.

Bricks

Bricks are block of tempered clay by plastic moulded to suitable shapes.

they are dried in Sun and then burnt therefore as to make them strong hard and durable.

the standard size of  bricks are 19 cm x 9 cm x 4 cm or 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm.

the specific gravity of bricks is about 2.

the no. of bricks contain for one cubic metre of brick masonry are 550.

Classification of Bricks

1.) First-Class  Brick

in this bricks are well burnt having smooth and even surface with perfect rectangular shape and uniform reddish colour.

these bricks should not absorb water more than 20% of its own dry weight after 24 hours immersion in water.

it should have a minimum crushing strength of 10.5 MN/m^2.

2.) Second Class Bricks 🧱

the second Class Bricks are slightly over burnt having rough surface and not perfectly rectangular in shape.

these bricks should not absorb water more than 22% of its own dry weight after 24 hours immersion in water.

3.) Third Class Bricks

Third Class Bricks are not properly burnt (under burnt) in the kiln and hence these are soft and can be easily broken. 

these bricks should not absorb water more than 25% of its own dry weight after 24 hours immersion in water.

4.) Jhama Bricks

Jhama bricks are over burnt with irregular shape.

these bricks are dark bluish in colour.

Wet Shotcrete Machine

The Wet Shotcrete Machine isused for Shotcrete work in metro and tunnel Construction

Important points of Civil Engineer

1.)  POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE: 

The point of Contraflexure is a point whese Bending Moment changes its sign (BM is zero). 

 2.) GRADE OF CONCRETE & MIX PROPORTION: 

               C:S:A 

1.) M-75 1:4:8 

2.) M-10 1:3:6 

3.) M-15 1:2:4 

4.) M-20 1:1-5 :3 

5.) M-25 1:1:2 3. 

Notes:- C:S:A° C-- Cement, S---Sand, 

A--- Aggregate

3) MINIMUM CLEAR COVER: 

As per IS Code 456:2000

a} Footing = 40mm

b} Column = 50 mm 

c} Slab & stairs = 15 mm 

d} Beam  = 25 mm 

4.) DENSITY 

i} R.C.C = 2500 kg/m³

ii} Steel - 7850 kg/m³ 

iii} Brick = 1600 - 1920 kg/m³ 

iv} PCC= 2400 kg/m³ 

v} Cement = 1440 kg/m³

एक पालटेक्निक में छात्रावास तथा स्टाफ कॉलोनी के निवासियों की कुल संख्या 1000 व्यक्ति है। तथा प्रति व्यक्ति 135 लीटर पानी उपलब्ध कराया गया है। जिसका 80% भाग अपशिष्ट जल (Waste water) के रूप में बाहर आता है। संस्था के लिए I.S. 1742 में दी गई तालिका की सहायता से उचित व्यास की सीवर का अभिकल्पन करें?

पालिटेक्निक छात्रावास और स्टाफ कालोनी में कुल जल सप्लाई=1000×135

                       =1,35,000 लीटर प्रतिदिन

चित्र:- Sewer Line 

जिसका 80%अपशिष्ट जल (Waste water) के रूप में बाहर सीवर लाईन में आ रहा है।

(प्रश्न अनुसार)

           =1,35,000 × (80/100) लीटर प्रतिदिन

            =108000 लीटर प्रतिदिन

     108000/(24×60×60)

                =1.25 लीटर प्रति सेकंड

सीवेज के उतार चढ़ाव को देखते हुए सीवर की क्षमता 3 गुना अधिक रखी जाती है।

सीवर की क्षमता=1.250 × 3

                      =3.750 लीटर/सेकेंड

                      =0.003750 घन मीटर प्रति सेकंड

चूंकि सीवर का 2/3 भाग से अधिक भरा हुआ नहीं प्रवाहित होनी चाहिए।

अतः सीवर की कुल क्षमता

                =0.00375 ×1.5

                 =0.005625 घन मीटर प्रति सेकंड

                   =0.005625 × 60

                  =0.3375 घन मीटर प्रति मिनट

 

               Table.13.4-I.S.1742

 अतः table 13.4( I.S.1742) के अनुसार 150 मिमी व्यास की सीवर पाईप (Sewer Pipe) उपयुक्त रहेगा, जिसमें 0.75 मीटर प्रति सेकंड के वेग पर Sewage प्रवाहित हो सकेगा।

सीवर का ढाल 1 IN 100 दिया जाएगा।

एक कॉलोनी की कुल जनसंख्या 2000 है। तथा प्रति व्यक्ति प्रतिदिन 135 लीटर पानी सप्लाई किया जाता है। कालोनी के लिए उचित व्यास की सीवर लाइन का अभिकल्पन I.S. 1742 के आधार पर निर्धारित किजिए।

कुल जल सप्लाई=2000×135

                       =2,70,000 लीटर प्रतिदिन

2,70,000/(24×60×60)=3.124 लीटर प्रति सेकंड

सीवेज के उतार चढ़ाव को देखते हुए सीवर की क्षमता 3 गुना अधिक रखी जाती है।

सीवर की क्षमता=3.9124 × 3

                       =9.372 लीटर/सेकेंड

                        =0.00938 घन मीटर प्रति सेकंड

चूंकि सीवर का 2/3 भाग से अधिक भरा हुआ नहीं प्रवाहित होनी चाहिए।

अतः सीवर की कुल क्षमता

                =0.00938×1.5

                 =0.01407 घन मीटर प्रति सेकंड

                   =0.01407 × 60

                  =0.845 घन मीटर प्रति मिनट

 अतः table 13.4( I.S.1742) के अनुसार 230 मिमी व्यास की सीवर पाईप (Sewer Pipe) उपयुक्त रहेगा, जिसमें 0.75 मीटर प्रति सेकंड के वेग पर Sewage प्रवाहित हो सकेगा।

सीवर का ढाल 1in 175 दिया जाएगा।