Saturday, September 19, 2020

Bitumen & Types of Bitumen

Bitumen
  Bitumen is the product obtained by fractional distillation of crude petroleum as an end product. 
• Bitumen becomes soft at moderate temperatures. It can be modified by heating until it becomes a liquid and then passing air under pressure by which all the volatile compounds in it can be driven out.
 The product is called "blown bitumen" (R grade).
Bitumen is available in the following forms:-
 (1)• Straight Run Bitumen
 It refers to bitumen distilled to a definite viscosity of penetration which does not require further treatment like heating.
 (2)• Penetration Grade
 It is the basic form of bitumen and has to be heated before application.
 (3)• Cutback Bitumen 
It is the bitumen combined with other petroleum distillates.
 This may be regarded as means of. applying penetration-grade bitumen at lower temperatures.
(5) • Bitumen Emulsion 
It is a product in liquid form formed in aqueous medium and stabilizing agents.
 This is also another means to obtain bitumen into a liquid form so that it can easily be applied at ambient temperature. 
(6)• Plastic Bitumen 
It consists of bitumen thinner and suitable filler made into a plastic form. As it is plastic, it can be used for filling cracks is masonry, stopping leakages, etc. 

(7)• Residual Bitumen 
It is a solid substance at normal temperature and is obtained as a residue during distillation of high-resin petroleum.



Tuesday, September 15, 2020

What is Composition of Brick Earth?

Composition of Brick Earth 
the main constituents of Earth for brick making are
 Silica or Sand
 A good brick earth contains about 50% to 60% of silica. 
Alumina or Clay 
A good brick earth contains about 20% to 30% of alumina.  
Lime 
A good brick earth contains up to 5% of lime. 
Magnesia 
A good brick earth contains up to 3% of magnesia. It is used for decreasing the shrinkage of bricks.
 Oxide of Iron 
A good brick earth contains up to 6% of iron oxide. It helps lime to fuse is silica and gives red colour to the bricks.
 it may be noted that 
(a) The excess of alumina in the clay (brick earth) makes the brick crack and warp during drying process. 
(b) The excess of silica in the clay makes the brick brittle and weak after burning. 
(c) The excess of lime in the clay causes the bricks to melt and distort during burning. 
(d) The alkaline salt present in the bricks, absorb moisture from air which on drying leaves powder deposit on the brick
 (e) This effect is known as efflorescence. It is also caused if the clay used for making bricks contain pyrite and the water used for pugging the clay contain gypsum. 

Manufacturing of Bricks  
 Preparation of Clay 
(I) After removal of vegetation, the clay deposit is excavated in steps rather than in layers to ensure a better distribution of the several constituents which vary in different proportions at different depths.Further processing of the clay depends on the type of bricks to be made.
 (ii)  For ordinary country bricks, very little preparation. except mixing by treading is resorted to. 
(iii)  For making first class facing bricks, the clay is allowed to weather by keeping it exposed to open air for a considerable period, so that the lumps of clay break down into smaller particles and get matured.
 (iv)  As a further refinement for making very superior bricks, the clay is washed and processed before moulding into bricks.
(v)  For making clay tiles also we use the clay that has been processed.

what is Bricks & What is Classification of Bricks.

Bricks
Bricks are block of tempered clay by plastic moulded to suitable shapes.
they are dried in Sun and then burnt therefore as to make them strong hard and durable.
the standard size of  bricks are 19 cm x 9 cm x 4 cm or 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm.
the specific gravity of bricks is about 2.

the no. of bricks contain for one cubic metre of brick masonry are 550.

Classification of Bricks
1.) First-Class  Brick
in this bricks are well burnt having smooth and even surface with perfect rectangular shape and uniform reddish colour.
these bricks should not absorb water more than 20% of its own dry weight after 24 hours immersion in water.
it should have a minimum crushing strength of 10.5 MN/m^2.
2.) Second Class Bricks ЁЯз▒
the second Class Bricks are slightly over burnt having rough surface and not perfectly rectangular in shape.
these bricks should not absorb water more than 22% of its own dry weight after 24 hours immersion in water.
3.) Third Class Bricks
Third Class Bricks are not properly burnt (under burnt) in the kiln and hence these are soft and can be easily broken. 
these bricks should not absorb water more than 25% of its own dry weight after 24 hours immersion in water.
4.) Jhama Bricks
Jhama bricks are over burnt with irregular shape.
these bricks are dark bluish in colour.

Wednesday, September 9, 2020

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Important points of Civil Engineer

1.)  POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE: 
The point of Contraflexure is a point whese Bending Moment changes its sign (BM is zero). 
 2.) GRADE OF CONCRETE & MIX PROPORTION: 
               C:S:A 
1.) M-75 1:4:8 
2.) M-10 1:3:6 
3.) M-15 1:2:4 
4.) M-20 1:1-5 :3 
5.) M-25 1:1:2 3. 
Notes:- C:S:A° C-- Cement, S---Sand, 
A--- Aggregate
3) MINIMUM CLEAR COVER: 
As per IS Code 456:2000
a} Footing = 40mm
b} Column = 50 mm 
c} Slab & stairs = 15 mm 
d} Beam  = 25 mm 
4.) DENSITY 
i} R.C.C = 2500 kg/m³
ii} Steel - 7850 kg/m³ 
iii} Brick = 1600 - 1920 kg/m³ 
iv} PCC= 2400 kg/m³ 
v} Cement = 1440 kg/m³

Saturday, August 8, 2020

рдПрдХ рдкाрд▓рдЯेрдХ्рдиिрдХ рдоें рдЫाрдд्рд░ाрд╡ाрд╕ рддрдеा рд╕्рдЯाрдл рдХॉрд▓ोрдиी рдХे рдиिрд╡ाрд╕िрдпों рдХी рдХुрд▓ рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा 1000 рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддि рд╣ै। рддрдеा рдк्рд░рддि рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддि 135 рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рдкाрдиी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдХрд░ाрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै। рдЬिрд╕рдХा 80% рднाрдЧ рдЕрдкрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рдЬрд▓ (Waste water) рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рдмाрд╣рд░ рдЖрддा рд╣ै। рд╕ंрд╕्рдеा рдХे рд▓िрдП I.S. 1742 рдоें рджी рдЧрдИ рддाрд▓िрдХा рдХी рд╕рд╣ाрдпрддा рд╕े рдЙрдЪिрдд рд╡्рдпाрд╕ рдХी рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХा рдЕрднिрдХрд▓्рдкрди рдХрд░ें?

рдкाрд▓िрдЯेрдХ्рдиिрдХ рдЫाрдд्рд░ाрд╡ाрд╕ рдФрд░ рд╕्рдЯाрдл рдХाрд▓ोрдиी рдоें рдХुрд▓ рдЬрд▓ рд╕рдк्рд▓ाрдИ=1000×135
                       =1,35,000 рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддिрджिрди
рдЪिрдд्рд░:- Sewer Line 
рдЬिрд╕рдХा 80%рдЕрдкрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рдЬрд▓ (Waste water) рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рдмाрд╣рд░ рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рд▓ाрдИрди рдоें рдЖ рд░рд╣ा рд╣ै।
(рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░)
           =1,35,000 × (80/100) рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддिрджिрди
            =108000 рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддिрджिрди
     108000/(24×60×60)
                =1.25 рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддि рд╕ेрдХंрдб
рд╕ीрд╡ेрдЬ рдХे рдЙрддाрд░ рдЪрдв़ाрд╡ рдХो рджेрдЦрддे рд╣ुрдП рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХी рдХ्рд╖рдорддा 3 рдЧुрдиा рдЕрдзिрдХ рд░рдЦी рдЬाрддी рд╣ै।
рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХी рдХ्рд╖рдорддा=1.250 × 3
                      =3.750 рд▓ीрдЯрд░/рд╕ेрдХेंрдб
                      =0.003750 рдШрди рдоीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддि рд╕ेрдХंрдб
рдЪूंрдХि рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХा 2/3 рднाрдЧ рд╕े рдЕрдзिрдХ рднрд░ा рд╣ुрдЖ рдирд╣ीं рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рд╣ोрдиी рдЪाрд╣िрдП।
рдЕрддः рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХी рдХुрд▓ рдХ्рд╖рдорддा
                =0.00375 ×1.5
                 =0.005625 рдШрди рдоीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддि рд╕ेрдХंрдб
                   =0.005625 × 60
                  =0.3375 рдШрди рдоीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддि рдоिрдирдЯ
 
               Table.13.4-I.S.1742

 рдЕрддः table 13.4( I.S.1742) рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ 150 рдоिрдоी рд╡्рдпाрд╕ рдХी рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдкाрдИрдк (Sewer Pipe) рдЙрдкрдпुрдХ्рдд рд░рд╣ेрдЧा, рдЬिрд╕рдоें 0.75 рдоीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддि рд╕ेрдХंрдб рдХे рд╡ेрдЧ рдкрд░ Sewage рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рд╣ो рд╕рдХेрдЧा।
рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХा рдвाрд▓ 1 IN 100 рджिрдпा рдЬाрдПрдЧा।

рдПрдХ рдХॉрд▓ोрдиी рдХी рдХुрд▓ рдЬрдирд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा 2000 рд╣ै। рддрдеा рдк्рд░рддि рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддि рдк्рд░рддिрджिрди 135 рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рдкाрдиी рд╕рдк्рд▓ाрдИ рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै। рдХाрд▓ोрдиी рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЙрдЪिрдд рд╡्рдпाрд╕ рдХी рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рд▓ाрдЗрди рдХा рдЕрднिрдХрд▓्рдкрди I.S. 1742 рдХे рдЖрдзाрд░ рдкрд░ рдиिрд░्рдзाрд░िрдд рдХिрдЬिрдП।

рдХुрд▓ рдЬрд▓ рд╕рдк्рд▓ाрдИ=2000×135
                       =2,70,000 рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддिрджिрди
2,70,000/(24×60×60)=3.124 рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддि рд╕ेрдХंрдб
рд╕ीрд╡ेрдЬ рдХे рдЙрддाрд░ рдЪрдв़ाрд╡ рдХो рджेрдЦрддे рд╣ुрдП рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХी рдХ्рд╖рдорддा 3 рдЧुрдиा рдЕрдзिрдХ рд░рдЦी рдЬाрддी рд╣ै।
рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХी рдХ्рд╖рдорддा=3.9124 × 3
                       =9.372 рд▓ीрдЯрд░/рд╕ेрдХेंрдб
                        =0.00938 рдШрди рдоीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддि рд╕ेрдХंрдб
рдЪूंрдХि рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХा 2/3 рднाрдЧ рд╕े рдЕрдзिрдХ рднрд░ा рд╣ुрдЖ рдирд╣ीं рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рд╣ोрдиी рдЪाрд╣िрдП।
рдЕрддः рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХी рдХुрд▓ рдХ्рд╖рдорддा
                =0.00938×1.5
                 =0.01407 рдШрди рдоीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддि рд╕ेрдХंрдб
                   =0.01407 × 60
                  =0.845 рдШрди рдоीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддि рдоिрдирдЯ
 рдЕрддः table 13.4( I.S.1742) рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ 230 рдоिрдоी рд╡्рдпाрд╕ рдХी рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдкाрдИрдк (Sewer Pipe) рдЙрдкрдпुрдХ्рдд рд░рд╣ेрдЧा, рдЬिрд╕рдоें 0.75 рдоीрдЯрд░ рдк्рд░рддि рд╕ेрдХंрдб рдХे рд╡ेрдЧ рдкрд░ Sewage рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рд╣ो рд╕рдХेрдЧा।
рд╕ीрд╡рд░ рдХा рдвाрд▓ 1in 175 рджिрдпा рдЬाрдПрдЧा।


Types of drawings in any construction project:

Types of drawings in any construction project: 1. IFC Drawing: Detailed drawings considered final, issued, and approved by the design team f...